Sunni Pasca Tragedi Mihnah (Telaah Historis atas Hegemoni Kekuasaan Bani Abbas)

Oleh: Rohmat

Abstract:

Sunni or more familiar as Ahlussunnah wal Jamaah is a theological view as reaction to the rise of Mu’tazilah view (school of thought that relying more on al-Qur’an and the role of reason). Sunni represent the more moderate theological view, by giving prominent place to al-Qur’an and Sunnah (tradition of Prophet Muhammad SAW). At Khalifah Al-Ma’mun period, Mu’tazilah’s theology becomes the formal-constitutional school of theology. Mu’tazilah performs “aqidah test” to Moslem scholars and bureaucrats. The purpose is to confess that al-Qur’an is being, that later referred as Mihnah. One who doesn’t believe, hence assumed as infidel and assigned as great sin unforgiven by Allah SWT. Mihnah which formulated by Mu’tazilah obtaining full support from Khalifah Al-Ma’mun, and continued until Khalifah Al-Watsiq period. The Mihnah domination was changed at Khalifah al-Mutawakkil period. He inclined to give more easiness to Sunni school which initially pioneered by Imam Hanbal. Finally, with the support of Khalifah al-Mutawakkil, Sunni become crystallized and solid, marked by appearance of Asy’ariyah and Maturidiyah stream.

Keywords: Sunni, Mihnah, Khalifah al-Mutawakkil.

Pendahuluan

Periodisasi pemerintahan khalifah ‘Abbasiyah menurut Nourouzzaman Shiddiqi, terbagi dalam dua periode, yaitu periode menanjak yang dimulai sejak didirikannya sampai kepada pemerintahan al-Watsiq (842-847 H), khalifah yang kesembilan dari dinasti ‘Abbasiyah; kemudian periode menurun yakni yang dimulai dari khalifah al-Mutawakkil hingga khalifah al-Mu’tashim, khalifah yang ketigapuluh tujuh. Masa pemerintahan ini ditandai dengan serbuan bangsa Mongol pada tahun 1258 M.1

Penetapkan periodisasi tersebut menurut Nourouzzaman Shiddiqi sejalan dengan para ahli sejarah lainnya bahwa sekalipun berbeda pendapat dalam istilah dan jumlah periodisasinya, tetapi hampir semua sepakat bahwa masa awal kemunduran dinasti ‘Abbasiyah adalah ketika pemerintahan dijabat oleh khalifah al-Mutawakkil.2

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